Abdul Kalam – Kalam’s Life Portrays

Kalam’s life portrays, what zest for life is all about. Kalam divides â€Å"wings of fire† into various phases of his life and builds on it. His humble childhood to his first break to disappointments to successes. He writes with passion about his mentors, his teachers and his colleagues. He writes at length about the birth and adolescent years of the Indian space program. He writes about how to be a good leader, a good motivator, a good project manager and a above all someone with passion and devotion towards his work. His Humble beginnings, hard work, persistence, and above all a passion for life and all things that are possible in it, are all well described in the book. He does all of this in very simple prose. What struck me throughout the book was his recollection of small snippets of poems or phrases from various sources. His citing of the various colleagues he worked with, his bosses or people he appointed through the 60 years of his career are also quite impressive. Although this makes an easy and gripping read, at times the transmission goes above your head due to the generous use of technical terms being used and complex rocket technology being described. However, APJ did a good job of drawing parallels with objects of layman understanding After reading the book, It makes you feel that you know the man more intimately, His humility strikes you down. A very refreshing book, from a refreshing person, giving a glimpse of what the power of positive thinking can help you do, given the shortcomings of the beaurocracy in a country such as India. Beating all odds, the man reached out to the stars, and has become one. Kalam never married. He writes that he found, to maintain relationships was more difficult than rocket science. So all you married folk can pat yourself on the back! It does though beg the question, to have that kind of passion and dedication does one have to give up worldly life as we know it and take up â€Å"sanyas† from everything but work? Whatever it maybe, you will come out satisfied after reading this book, having gained some pearls of leadership qualities, project management, rocket technology and the history of Indian space program. Above all you will be filled with patriotism (if Indian), passion, motivation and inspiration at the end of these 200 odd pages.

Maya Angelou Essay

As a woman you are created with a special gift, it’s like little extra ingredients that all women have within them. The poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou, she speaks about the elegance of a woman, her inner being the way she glow without saying a word Maya expressed how men are amazed by her presence â€Å"men themselves have wondered what they see in me† (line 31-32). It’s hard to put your finger on it all women were born with the power. In the poem â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou she described the struggles of life trials and tribulations you face in society and the way people may judge you. As if she was writing about a woman â€Å"does my sassiness upset you? †She also wrote in another stanza â€Å"does my sexiness upset you? †She used this comparison to show she is a sexy woman who demands respect. Maya’s attitude in this poem is portraying a confident black African American woman. She is really laughing at men challenging them. They cannot stop her from rising above all expectation. This poem gives you not only inspiration encouragement to be fearless; to the end of it all you must believe you still rise above it all. The title gives a sense of entity and power. This masterpiece the poem â€Å"phenomenal woman† has also empowered women to get more in touch with their inner beauty. Maya describes in great detail the mystery of women and the behavior of men and their reaction. It shows women to not only love your-self but to embrace every aspect of your mind, body and soul. Maya show that sexuality isn’t only related to outer beauty, or by the way you dress it more about how you feel within your own skin  she shows you instead of hating your body love it from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet. In society today women enhances their body by doing plastic surgery to feel accepted. She feels inferior clearly stating that every part of a woman is beauty. In comparisons to â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I Rise† both poems Maya speaks about not bowing to the â€Å"oppressor†. You can feel her compassion in every word in Phenomenal Woman â€Å"now you understand why my head’s not bowed† (lines 47). Still I Rise forth stanza â€Å"with head bowed and eyes lowered?†, Within these lines she stresses that she will not conform to what society made her out to be, that she will soar above and beyond everyone expectations. The little gives a sense of entity and power. In conclusion these two poems have few similarities; Maya characterized the strength of an African American woman. By using powerful words she described the emotional aspect of inner beauty, standing proud professing no one will ever bring her down not by the color of her skin nor the fact of being a woman that there’s more within.

Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives

Chinese General Hospital Colleges First semester, AY 2013 2014 Organic Chemistry (Laboratory) Experiment no. 10 Date performed: September 5, 2013 Group 3 Names: Date submitted: September 19, 2013 De Gunman, Joanna Claries Del Mound, Marilyn Dells Rexes, Pamela L. Deal Cruz, Married Cyril M. Duran, Zenith Anne P l. Theoretical background Carboxylic acid derivatives are organic compounds containing the call group core structure attached to a Y group, which may be an electronegative atom or substitutes. The Y group acts as a leaving group in necrophilia call substitution. This mechanism is involved in hydrolysis, alcoholisms, and analysis reactions. As strong organic acids, carboxylic acids react with silver nitrate and sodium bicarbonate to form the corresponding carboxylic salts. Among the carboxylic acid derivatives, call halides are the most reactive and amides the least. Thus, the reactions of these compounds with a given reagent vary with regard to the rate, thermometric, and even the completion of the reaction. Call chlorides, due to their reactivity, are good starting materials for synthesis. Esters and amides are important functional groups in bimolecular like fats and proteins. All carboxylic acid derivatives yield the parent carboxylic acid upon reaction with water. Moreover, one derivative can be converted into another, provided the former is more reactive than the latter. II. Objectives To differentiate the reactivates of carboxylic acid derivatives. To distinguished carboxylic acid derivatives using classification tests To explain through chemical equations and mechanisms the reactions involved in each test. Ill. Materials/ Reagents needed % Ethanol Again con.

Case For or Against the War on Drugs Research Paper

Case For or Against the War on Drugs - Research Paper Example Despite many apparent set backs, the war on drugs has made tremendous gains in the making of the world a safer place. There have been concerted efforts in the United States over the past 40 years since then serving President Richard Nixon launched the U.S Government’s war on drugs.1 Several steps of progressive have been made against the flourishing of drug use and sale in the U.S. One such stride has been the advocacy for a paradigm shift in the war against drugs. As was expressed by President Obama in a digital town hall meeting, in 2011, there is a need to move from the old approach of the war to a new one. One way of accomplishing this has been looking at ways of shrinking demand for the drugs among the users.2 This represents a shift from looking at this war as primarily a criminal justice problem3. When looking at the war on drugs as a criminal justice problem, the emphasis on tackling it involves arrest, incarceration, and interdiction4. While this has had good results, it has had the unfortunate disadvantage of letting some of the offenders to slip through the cracks. Currently, there is a move towards looking at the war on drugs as a public health problem.5 This means that the government has acted as a guardian of the public interests6. This thus means that the government has managed to win the hearts of the people who advocate for social justice in the country. Another gain in the war on drugs was the Reagan administration’s efforts to take away the drugs from the consumers through efforts to cut down the crop abroad. This effort can be seen in countries like Bolivia. In this country, the efforts to reduce the drug production saw the seizure of twenty-seven tonnes of cocaine in 1986. This was an improvement from just one tone netted in 1981.

Health Administarion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Administarion - Case Study Example The state of the health care system has made it necessary to develop measures that will be used to monitor and revise quality program implementation so as to ensure patients receive equal medical attention as well as quality and affordable medical services. The Agency of Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) in collaboration with Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) have been given a mandate by the U. S. Congress to come up with measures that will be used to improve health care quality (Ransom et. al, 2008). Various measures have been developed which are grouped into aspects of patient safety, patient centeredness, effectiveness as well as timeliness. An important measure involves the use of combination of ratings and reports to determine the experiences of patients regarding the important dimensions of patient care, overall satisfaction with the services they received as well as the importance of each of the element in relation to satisfaction of patient needs. More objective measures are also used to describe levels of quality of services from patients’ perspectives. Regulation and accreditation standards exist to ensure hospitals provide high quality and competent health care. Facility accreditation processes ensure hospitals demonstrate capacities that are in accordance with national health accreditation standards developed for health care centers. Health care centers have to undergo accreditation review for them to qualify to provide health care services to patients. Regulations and accreditation standards ensure that health care providers make informed choices and conform to the outlined legislation that governs privacy and confidentiality of patient information (Ransom et. al, 2008). Barriers may be faced in measurement of health care quality. Many operations are carried out in health care facilities and this leads to development of a complex nature of the health care therefore making measurement of

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research paper - Essay Example The fundamental concern in this respect regards misbehavior in classroom and why certain students have the propensity to continuously misbehave. More still, several arguments abound on why students normally misbehave in college classrooms. In order to address the problem of student incivility in classroom, the fundamental reasons behind such weird characters must be understood. Reasons for Classroom Incivility College students normally misbehave for various reasons. Naturally, certain students misbehave due to behavioral disorders in them. In this regard, the problem is a big challenge that cannot merely be addressed by conventional means. It is a psychological disorder that conditions such students to behave contrary to conventional norms (Shariff 88). Similarly other students normally display uncivil behavior due to the lack of love and care directed to them at home. Students should always be nurtured, loved and cared for in order to make them respect and understand themselves and their environments. In most cases, college students are driven by the need for independence and will always strive and push for that. Guiding such students in the classroom normally becomes quite difficult as they always inculcate a sense of antipathy to proper social conduct. In many families across the United States, parents are never keen enough to instill certain fundamental ideals in the conduct of their children. Most children grow up totally oblivious of the importance of some basic social skill like interpersonal relations. Upon being left alone in college, it is realized that such students begin to display their lack of social skills given the manner they behave in classrooms and interact with fellow students and teachers. In most cases, students of college age often seek any form of attention they can receive. Since getting attention on the positive respect normally appears difficult, most students opt to engage in funny behaviors for the mere reason of getting attention f rom their mates. In case they fail to receive the attention they seek, misbehaviors normally become the order of the day. At the early years of college, most students are still not mindful of their future lives and are not really concerned about building a proper foundation for themselves. Students who subscribe to such mindsets are normally very critical of the social order and discipline expected of them in institutions such as schools. As such, they often behave in uncivil manner that only disrupt the process of learning or affect their fellow students. Most college students are normally driven by the need for power and control. This provides the motivation for misbehavior in such students. Such students are normally very disruptive in classrooms and will never be afraid to do anything that would make them achieve their goal. They often provoke, challenge and even threaten teachers in the classroom. They tend to disrespect other students and talk back while disrupting the peace o f the class. It is argued that the present educational systems piles much pressure on college students to work extra hard in order to succeed. Millennial students normally multitask as they feel much

The Importance of Learning Discipline in School Essay

The Importance of Learning Discipline in School - Essay Example The Importance of Learning Discipline in School Learning is an important element is schools and basically involves the promotion of discipline I various form. The attitude that a child is given at a young age to a great extend influences the study patterns and especially at a young age. There are some who feel we stop being creative, or are sitting in a classroom learning the same thing we would be better off learning on our own in an unstructured setting. This is true to some extent, but in every job and every career there are tasks that are boring or hard to do. Many people will take jobs that are boring or hard, but the ones that will give them an income for their entire lives if they are willing to work for it. The education a student receives in school should be the basis for their willingness to get up every day and go to work and earn some living no matter how hard the job is. Students go to school so that they may gain some disciplines needed in their careers, they are also learning how they should maintain their jobs even if it is a hard one. The discipline to get and go to school and do the homework is the same discipline that is needed to get up and go to work every day. It is valuable to have discipline no matter what we are trying to complete. The schoo l gives us a way to learn discipline. It would be nice if the world were made up of jobs that only had parts that were fun to complete. For instance , if the jobs would be fun like watching video games, movies or spending time with friends everyone would like to complete his or hers. Unfortunately jobs have parts that are too boring, or ones that are difficult. There are ones that we just don`t like to do, but to get a degree we must complete the courses. So we force ourselves to go to the classes and do the homework. In the process we learn to discipline ourselves. There is a reward at the end, a diploma and the possibilities of the careers. What our education includes is the discipline we learned that apply to our career that will help us to succeed. Not everyone manages to get through public school, let alone college. Some students lose interest in school. Students that drop out of high school lose many opportunities to get a good paying job. They struggle to keep even low paying jobs that they have no interest in. What they have lacked is the discipline they would have learned if they could have completed their school course. In john Holts article `` school is bad for children’’, he talks about why students lose interest and give up, never learning why an education is good and missing out on the discipline that comes with it. `` If we don’t make you read, you won`t, and if you don’t do it exactly the way we tell you can't’’, John Halt. In short, he comes to feel that learning is a passive process, something that someone else does for you, instead of something you do for yourself (Holt 64. The point being that the school is the one that instills the entire discipline one need in his career and this is just done through learning. Holt goes on to explain in more how schools not only do not teach discipline, but in still other bad qualities in students. He refers to a student; `` He learns to be lazy†¦ how not to work’’ (Holt 65). Holt’s articles are trying to get the points across that given the right circumstances at school that a student would learn on their own. They would learn the discipline through their own curiosity about the world. Of course, it is the job of the school to teach discipline though parents have a lot of control whether the students learn discipline or not. They are the children first example of how to go about learning discipline. The parents should encourage their children to go to school. In Lynda’

MERS-CoV Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MERS-CoV - Research Paper Example Having been first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, MERS has spread in other countries through the Saudi Arabia visitors who travel in other countries (Butler, 2012). Major symptoms of MERS-CoV include fever, shortness of breath and coughing. According to a report by World Health Organization, indicates that although transmission of MERS-CoV from one person to another is one of the ways through which the illness is transmitted, it is not the major way (McKay, 2014). The viruses according to National Institute of Health based in Maryland indicate that the viruses are able to mutate once they are inhaled. The viruses are mostly transmitted through the air when an infected individual comes very close to other people (Bermingham et al, 2012). Infected camels have also major way through which the virus can be transmitted to the people. Momattin, H et al. (2013). Therapeutic Options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – possible lessons from a systematic review of SARS-CoV therapy. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience Assignment

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience - Assignment Example Having learned in class that this is the most important part in pharmacy work, I approached it with some fear and apprehension. The Manager, Cashier Meg and the other Staff were very encouraging, comforting and supportive. As I obtained the prescription and confronted the computer, I was relieved to know that the NexGen Computer System was easy to use. I went through the entire process of the Data Base Searching- Name of the Patient, Prescriber Search, Medication Search; clicking the appropriate information; and finally, printing the label. Determining the appropriate information and clicking it became easy because of my prior knowledge of medical terminologies, an exposure gained from POP 1-3 Classes; and, Methodologies in Patient Communication and Information Data Collection, as discussed in POP 6 Class. The handouts or materials distributed in POP 6 Class on the Legal Requirements of Prescription, Profile and Label; Ohio State Manner of Issuance of a Prescription; and, Labeling of Drugs Dispensed on Prescription really was a great help. The use of the computer and a computer system made the entire process very easy, fast and fun. The least enjoyable and most boring part of the Internship was the re-counting of tablets or pills, bagging, shelving and doing the inventory. I kept on thinking that I can do other things that were more important. Now, looking back I realize that I was doing an important task. I was being part of the team. If I didn’t do the work well, the pharmacy would suffer. I also realized that the tasks of making the inventory; and, shelving or returning medicine bottles to its proper shelves was only boring because I was already familiar with the generic and brand names. Knowledge I learned through the Listing of the Top Medicines distributed in Classes of POP 4-6. As to the re-counting of controlled medications before bagging; I had no difficulty identifying the controlled medications as I

Hopes and dreams of becoming the champions Essay Example for Free

Hopes and dreams of becoming the champions Essay Football is truly one of the most brutal and exciting games we have in the world today. But it is also a game that requires the discipline of a soldier in battle. And no one knows this better than John McMurty who has observed the same thing in his years of playing the game. But is this primeval reflection of society the same in all sports? Not quite. There are two things that football has in common with all other sports: (1) in order to win you have to beat the other team, and (2) to even qualify for a competition intense drills and discipline is required of every player. In this sense, all sports is a lighter version of militaries all over the world going to war with the only difference of not literally killing the other person, but instead, killing their hopes and dreams of becoming the champions. The primal urge to take it all can be seen even in a sport that is entirely in another spectrum altogether. The sport of bowling, as demure as it might seem is of the same caliber as football. While the players in bowling don’t exactly scream bloody murder at one another, nor do they manhandle one another, in another plane, competitors want to beat the hell out of their competitors by taking the title and transferring all that pent-up fury into the swing of their arms, knocking down pins. These pins could even represent opponents the players want to crush, though they are merely representations. And unlike football players who receive punishing injuries at almost every game, bowlers receive theirs occasionally especially if they don’t do their forms right or they don’t throw the ball the way their coaches have drilled into them. This just goes to show that all sports are a reflection of society’s hunger for taking it all and is the military’s baby sister in instilling discipline and in drilling.

Velocity of Sound Experiment

Velocity of Sound Experiment Experiment no. 7: Velocity of Sound Laboratory Report Von Dela Rosa, Anna De Vera, Tricia Desierto, Department of Biological Science College of Science, University of Santo Tomas EspanÃÅ'Æ’a, Manila, Philippines Abstract Three activities were done in the experiment to demonstrate and further analyze the velocity of sound. In the first activity, the velocity of sound in air and in glass tube was computed. In the second activity, the speed of sound was computed using vernier microphone connected to vernier logger pro. Lastly, the speed of sound in solid using Kundts tube was calculated. In the data, it has been found out that the speed of sound in air has a theoretical speed of 347.8 m/s. A percent error of 7.4%, and 10.16% were acquired in the first experiment using different frequencies, and 5.66% error was acquired in the second activity. Lastly, it has been found out that the speed of sound in solid rod is computed to be 5044.33 m/s with a percent error of 15.33% when done experimentally. I. Introduction The pressure disturbance travelling from one particle to another connotes to the velocity of sound[1]. Basically, a sound wave is a travelling disturbance. Wave pulse connotes to a single disturbance while wave train is the series of disturbances. Wave frequency measures the number of pulse have been made in a length of given time[1]. In the simplest sense, frequency is the number of vibrations per seconds. It is usually measured in Hertz(Hz). On the other hand, resonance is the natural vibration frequency of an object. In the experiment, three activities have been done in  order to exemplify the different properties of sound. The objectives of the experiment are: a.) to verify the relationship between frequency of sound and its wavelength b.) to determine the speed of sound by means of a resonating air column; and c.) to determine the velocity of sound in a solid using a vibrating rod. II. Theory Sound wave Sound wave is a disturbance that travels from one location to another location. It is propagated by vibrating objects and can be transmitted through liquid, plasma, or gases as a longitudinal waves though in solids, sound waves can be transmitted as a longitudinal wave or transverse wave[1]. Longitudinal wave is a kind of wave wherein the particles move in a parallel direction relative to the wave direction. On the other hand, transverse wave vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Frequency Frequency is defined as the number of waves per unit of time. Frequency can be computed by dividing the velocity of sound in air to the twice the mean distance of two nodes[2]. V= Theoretical Value of the speed of sound in air à °Ã‚ Ã…“† = Twice the average of the distances between two consecutive displacement nodes Equation 1. Frequency of a Sound Resonating Air Column The basic principle behind the cylindrical air column is that resonance waves will only be produced at a definite frequency[3]. The closed end of the column depicts the wave node and the open end is the antinode. If the frequency of the column is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork, achieving resonance, the intensity of the sound is increased. Therefore, if the frequency of the tuning fork is not equal to the frequency of the column, resonance will not occur and the sound will be faint[2]. L=distance between a point and the top of the glass tube D= Diameter of the resonance tube Equation 2. Equation for wavelength f= Frequency = wavelength Equation 3. Equation for Velocity of sound in air inside the glass tube t= Temperature Equation 4. Equation for speed of sound in air at a certain temperature Kundt’s tube apparatus Kundts tube is an apparatus allows the group to calculate the speed of sound. Sound waves can travel to the tube by rubbing the metal end which will create a squeaking sound. In that scenario, the vibration of the rod will vibrate the disk causing it to propagate the frequency of the rod to the glass tube. Thus, the air inside the tube will move in response to the sound waves. Fine sand will take note of the airs response to the sound wave by exposing the striations done by rubbing the metal end[3]. The antinode, and the node were then noted. The wavelength of sound is twice the length of the rod. Equation for the speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation5. The Equation for the theoretical speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation 6. f= Frequency R= Wavelength of sound in the rod Equation5.Speed of sound in solid Y= Young’s modulus Ï = Density of the rod Equation 6. Theoretical speed of sound in the rod III. Methodology The materials used are resonance tube apparatus, two tuning forks with different frequencies, meter stick, rubber mallet, thermometer, and Kundt’s tube apparatus. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Starting with the water near the top of the resonance tube apparatus, the group had strike the tuning fork using a rubber mallet and placed it on top of the glass tube. The water level was lowered slowly until the loudest sound was heard. The water level was marked at the highest sound heard. After that, the distance between that point and the top of glass tube was measured. Also, the diameter of the resonance tube was also measured. The wavelength of the sound produced was calculated. Two trials have been done to determine the average wavelength. Using the average wavelength and frequency engraved, the velocity of the sound in air was computed. The temperature of air inside the glass tube was also determined without the thermometer touching the water. The speed of sound in air was computed using the noted temperature. The percent error was computed by comparing the speed using the average wavelength and frequency and the speed calculated using the temperature inside the tube. The pr ocedure was computed using other tuning forks. Activity 2: Speed of Sound The vernier microphone was connected to Channel 1 of the interface. The position of the microphone was placed near the open end of a closed tube. The file 24 Speed of Sound in Physics was opened. As soon as the data collection begins, the fingers were snapped near the tube. From the graph in the computer screen, te time interval between the start of the first vibration and start of echo was determined. That time was noted as the time interval for the sound to travel through tube and back. The speed of sound was computed by dividing the length of the tube by one-half of the time interval obtained from the graph. The percent error was computed with the accepted value obtained in the first activity. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid A thin layer of cork dust was placed uniformly in the Kundts tube. The rod was clamped at the center. The rod was rubbed with a piece of cloth with coarse powder, setting the rod into vibration producing high frequency. The wave pattern will be formed in the cork dust inside the glass tube. The displacement of the two consecutive displacement nodes has been measured and the mean distanced of the distance was calculated. The frequency of the sound was also calculated. The speed of sound in the rod and the theoretical speed of sound in the rod were also computed. Lastly, the percent error was calculated using the computed data. VI. Results and Discussion The three activities that were done in this experiment elaborating the speed of sound as it travels along a path. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Temperature of air: 280C Diameter of Resonance Tube= 0.0344 m Table 1A: Measurements of Wavelengths Table 1A shows the frequency of the Tuning Fork and the different wavelengths of the three trials in meters. The result of the wavelength of each trials means that these are the wavelengths where the members heard the loudest sound that the Tuning Fork produced. Table 1B: Calculated Quantities Table 1B shows the computed Average Wavelengths in unit of meters; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds both in unit of meters per second; and their respective % errors. Activity 2: Speed of Sound Table 2: Speed of Sound Table 2 shows the Total and Average Travel Times of both trials in unit of seconds; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds that were calculated in unit of meters per second; and the computed % error of 5.66%. Figure 1: Trial 1 Figure 2: Trial 2 Figures 1 and 2 shows the different Time Interval of trials 1 and 2, between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3 shows the Average distances between node to node in meters; the wavelength of sound in air in meters per second; the frequency of sound in hertz; the length of the rod and the wavelength of sound in rod both in unit of meters, the wavelength of sound in the rod is twice the length of the rod; the experimental and theoretical speeds both in meters per second; and the computed % error of 15.33%. V. Conclusion The relationship between the frequency of sound and its wavelength was verified. In conclusion, the frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The speed of sound was successfully determined by means of a resonating air column with percent errors of 7.4% and 10.16%. The determination of velocity of sound in a solid was successful by using a vibrating rod with a percent error of 15.33%. It can therefore be concluded that the distance between node to node is equivalent to the wavelength of sound. VI. Applications 1. What is the relation between frequency and wavelength of sound produced in a medium? The frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency and vice versa. 2. What is the use of water in the activity 1? The water serves as reflector of sound waves back to the open end to cause a hearing sound if the frequency of the column equals to the frequency of the tuning fork. 3. In medical practice, ultrasound in the range of 1 to 5 megahertz is being used as an imaging modality, The associated wavelength in a typical human tissue range from 0.3mm to 0.06 mm. Find the velocity of ultrasound in the tissue. 4.The outer ear of a human may be thought of as closed pipe 2.7 cm long on the average. What frequency would be most effectively detected by the ear at 30 degrees Celsius. 5. Suppose that we increase the temperature of the air through which a sound wave is travelling, what effect does this have on the velocity of the wave. For a given frequency, what effect does increasing the temperature have on the wavelength of the sound wave? Explain. If the temperature increases, then the molecules are being excited. Therefore the molecules vibrate faster, causing the velocity of the wave to travel faster. Increasing the temperature corresponds to shorter sound wave. 6. If you were lying on the ground, would you hear footsteps sooner or later with your ear touching the ground or not? You would hear the footsteps sooner, because sound travels faster in a solid medium than in air. References: [1]  Pitch and frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Physicsclassroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-2/Pitch-and-Frequency [2]  Ã‚  Resonant air column. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, 2014, from hartnell: http://www.hartnell.edu/physics/labs/4c/2resonantaircolumn.pdf [3] Speed Of Sound In Thin Metal Rods And Young Modulus. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from dsu.nodak: http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/edkluk/public_html/nslab/ls_sv_ym.html

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Powerful Women of Homer’s Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey Essays

The Powerful Women of Homer’s Odyssey There is really no way to generalize the women in Homer’s Odyssey because they all have their own distinct traits that make each of them great, strong, and powerful women. A very powerful woman is Arete. She is as powerful as the king, Alcinous. Her daughter Nausicaa is an amazing woman, even though she is so young. She displays great intelligence in handling Odysseus. These women I speak of above are great women in a good sort of way but there are also some very bad women that still have some amazing qualities. For instance Clytemnestra who has great vengeance and deceit. Another Homeric women that breaks the mold is Helen. She is so independent and headstrong it’s almost scary. These qualities I’m applying to all these women are not their only but they are the most memorable. In fact some of them share the traits I have already laid out. One other thing I would like to mention before I go on is how different these women are from what I expected. I thought they would all be weak and completely under the control of the heroic men but all the ones I’ve mentioned are very powerful and could probably do with out their men. I know Helen would be all right with out Menelaus.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Helen is extremely independent and fairly evil. For the most part only does what she wants to do. First off she ran away with Paris and started the Trojan war. Now I know it’s said that Paris took her but I would beg to differ. The best example I have is the horse story Menelaus tells Telemecus. It begins with the men in the Trojan horse waiting to ambush the city, and Helen walked around it â€Å"Three times..... / feeling, and stroking its flanks, / challenging all the fighters, calling each by name -† (Hom. 4. 310-312). What Helen wanted to do was blow the Greeks cover and help the Trojans win the war. This also shows how smart she is because the Greeks had been away from there wives for ten years and were getting a little lonely. Homer tells us that Anticlus â€Å"was hot to salute† her, but of course Odysseus had to save everyone from her (Hom. 4.320). This whole story gives a lot of insight to Helen and what she wanted. Free Essays on Homer's Odyssey: Powerful Women of Homer’s Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey Essays The Powerful Women of Homer’s Odyssey There is really no way to generalize the women in Homer’s Odyssey because they all have their own distinct traits that make each of them great, strong, and powerful women. A very powerful woman is Arete. She is as powerful as the king, Alcinous. Her daughter Nausicaa is an amazing woman, even though she is so young. She displays great intelligence in handling Odysseus. These women I speak of above are great women in a good sort of way but there are also some very bad women that still have some amazing qualities. For instance Clytemnestra who has great vengeance and deceit. Another Homeric women that breaks the mold is Helen. She is so independent and headstrong it’s almost scary. These qualities I’m applying to all these women are not their only but they are the most memorable. In fact some of them share the traits I have already laid out. One other thing I would like to mention before I go on is how different these women are from what I expected. I thought they would all be weak and completely under the control of the heroic men but all the ones I’ve mentioned are very powerful and could probably do with out their men. I know Helen would be all right with out Menelaus.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Helen is extremely independent and fairly evil. For the most part only does what she wants to do. First off she ran away with Paris and started the Trojan war. Now I know it’s said that Paris took her but I would beg to differ. The best example I have is the horse story Menelaus tells Telemecus. It begins with the men in the Trojan horse waiting to ambush the city, and Helen walked around it â€Å"Three times..... / feeling, and stroking its flanks, / challenging all the fighters, calling each by name -† (Hom. 4. 310-312). What Helen wanted to do was blow the Greeks cover and help the Trojans win the war. This also shows how smart she is because the Greeks had been away from there wives for ten years and were getting a little lonely. Homer tells us that Anticlus â€Å"was hot to salute† her, but of course Odysseus had to save everyone from her (Hom. 4.320). This whole story gives a lot of insight to Helen and what she wanted.

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Essay

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Michael Hammer and James Champy became the uncontested "experts" to the corporate world for their blueprint of re-engineering. Why? What magical formula did these two individuals profess would make America great again? This essay will take a critical look at Hammer and Champy's book, Re-engineering the Corporation. Does this book have merit? Is it based on sound principles? It does not matter whether you agree or not, it only matters that you consider all the viewpoints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Moreover, image becomes all-important in competition, not only through name-brand recognition but also because of various associations of 'respectability,' 'quality,' 'prestige,' 'reliability,' and 'innovation.' Competition in the image-building trade becomes a vital aspect of inter-firm competition. †¦" (David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: 1989 page 288) What image did Hammer and Champy paint with their book? Let's begin with the title, "Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution". It is my contention that they [Hammer and Champy] wrote this book to profit on their knowledge and as such used a title that would embrace both the employer [Reengineering the Corporation] and the worker [A Manifesto for Business Revolution]. While both the employer and worker are concerned with the never-ending battle of "power and control" in the workplace, the employer also strives for greater profits [private company] or in a public sector are na, providing services more efficiently. The worker on the other hand is concerned with compensation [wages and benefits], job security, health and safety and advancement within the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However it is not only the title that is attractive to the Employer. The book cover has been designed to legitimize Hammer and Champy. Who would not want to read a book that was a "National Bestseller" printed by "HarperBusiness Essentials"? Furthermore, Peter Drucker [respected in the business world] has provided positive reinforcement that this is "An important book that describes the principles behind a new [my emphasis] and systematic [my emphasis] approach to structuring [my emphasis] and managing [my emphasis] work." (Hammer /Champy: 2001) As well, the back cover not only provides the necessary kudos for Hammer and Champy, it also hints to the unspeakable ... ...roach suggests that what is necessary is to reinterpret the current status and to accept that the subordinates are already powerful, rather than attempt to reverse what already exists."(IDRL 317: Book of Readings 2005 pg. 56) It would be narrow-minded to state that Hammer and Champy only became the "gurus" for reengineering because of image, however, their approach to the new work organization is neither new nor the only model to choose from. New technology has opened the floodgates for a more flexible and diverse workforce. Globalization has become the driving force behind the need for corporations to reengineer. Hammer and Champy did not have a magical formula but they were the first individuals to put common sense to paper. It is something to think about when considering reengineering. References: Reengineering the Organization, Study Guide, IDRL 317, 2005, Athabasca University Grint, Keith Reengineering History: Social Resonances and Business Process Reengineering, IDRL 317 Book of Readings 2005 Athabasca University Hammer M., Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation, HarperBusiness Essentials, 2001 Harvey D., The Condition of Postmodernity, Blackwell, 1989

Globalisation and the Australian Economy Essay -- essays research pape

The Impact of Globalisation on the Australian Economy Globalisation is not new. Australia has been involved in trade, investment, financial flows, technology transfers and the migration of labour since its foundation as a colony. What has changed is the size, direction and influence of these transfers, especially since 1980. There are a number of factors that have aided this transformation. They include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The expansion of new markets – foreign exchange and capital markets are linked globally. They operate 24 hours a day with dealings any where in the world possible in real time. Financial deregulation and the floating of the Australian dollar since 1983 intensified the impact of globalisation on the Australian economy. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New technology and the tools of globalisation – the internet, email, mobile phones, media and communication networks have all sped up the process of globalisation. They have increased the spread and speed of knowledge transfer and communication. Australian consumers can buy products from any nation in the world, transfer funds between accounts or purchase shares in any major market. Australian businesses can market their products at a fraction of the cost and be exposed to a global market place of competition. This potentially is the closest we will ever come to the perfect market. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New institutional players – The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has growing authority over national governments, as does the IMF with its restrictions and controls it can impose on nations requiring assistance. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many nations. Hedge funds and financial dealers are able to manipulate financial flows and subsequently exchange rates, leaving nations helpless in their wake. This in turn renders traditional economic policy tools virtually useless. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New rules and restrictions – Multilateral agreements on trade, services and intellectual property rights, backed by strong enforcement mechanisms, reduce the scope for national governments to develop their own economic policies. What is Globalisation? Globalisation is the growing economic interdependence among nations as reflected in increasing actual movement across nations of: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inv... ...ly be quite effective at pushing the Australian dollar down by selling the currency, it is very limited in pushing it up. The RBA only has its limited foreign reserves to buy the Australian dollar. The value of Australia's foreign reserves fell from $22billion US in December 1999 to $16billion US in September 2000. The amount of Australian dollars traded in one day in Australia's foreign exchange market exceeds its total foreign reserves. As was seen in the Asian crisis in 1997 in Thailand, running down foreign reserves will not always halt a currency decline. The US Federal Reserve is probably the only central bank that can strongly influence the decisions of fund managers. The financial traders and dealers seek a low inflation, low interest rate, low current account deficit, high growth, budget surpluses and small public sector. If the Government does not achieve these policies, the markets will punish it. If they do achieve them, the markets may still punish them. Any way you look at it, Australia is integrated into the globalised world economy and is dependent on the activities and policies of globalisation. Australia’s future will move with the ebb and flow of globalisation.

Advertising and Promotional Culture Essay

Race and Class in Verizon TV Ads No matter what are the patterns of the ads, the ultimate purpose of ad is attracting public attentions and selling the products. Based on different consumption groups, the ads from the same brand also need to change the advertising images, backgrounds and lines, to reach as many consumers as possible. Verizon Communication Inc is one of the most famous broadband and telecommunications company in United States. Its service range is very broad, including mobile phone, TV and Internet, and its consumption groups covers low class, middle class and upper class people. In this paper, I will analysis the class and racial elements in Verizon 4G LTE commercial and Verizon Mobile Devices and Healthcare commercial. Applying multi-racial advertising talents and different story telling methods, Verizon stresses on the class segregation while pays less attention on racial differences. This advertising strategy helps Verizon divide its consumption groups based on their consumption abilities. It is not only one method to avoid the disadvantage of racial selling, which easily limits the consumption groups, but also direct the company to improve the services to satisfy each specific class better. The Verizon 4G LTE commercial is also called â€Å"Bad Idea† commercial. Just as the African American guys keep saying â€Å"Whassup† in the Budweiser ad, Verizon keep showing the bold black â€Å"Bad Idea† sign after the men in the ad say some bad ideas. The background of the ad is a group of lower class men gather together and play basketball. During the break, they chat and share informations. â€Å"You guys check it out, household bleach. † â€Å"Look Good. † â€Å"I know, right? † Then the â€Å"Bad Idea† comes out with a sting sound. I tell you what saves the gas money. My kids hitchhike to the school. † â€Å"Great Call. † Then the â€Å"Bad Idea† sign comes out again. After two more guys share their information and both have been categorized as â€Å"Bad Idea†, the fifth man comes over, says, â€Å"Surprisingly the Verizon 4G LTE is like 6 times bigger, but I am going AT&T†. Instead of showing the â€Å"Bad Idea† sign again, the voiceover tell the consumers what is the â€Å"Good Idea†, â€Å"There are good ideas and bad, with over 6 times more coverage, Verizon, is the good idea†. This ad uses a sarcastic way to impress the people of lower class and the spectacular consumption strategy to sell the service. To sell the product to a group of people, ads always build up the environment and back ground they familiar with first. Watts defined spectacular consumption as â€Å"a process through which the relations among cultural forms, the culture industry, and the lived experiences of persons are shaped by public consumption†. The group of men in the ad have economic pressure and family burden so they come up their own ideas to save the money. Maybe playing basketball on weekends is their only chance to get rid of work and family messes, so they exercise, brag and relax. The group of men in the ad is the epitome of the lower class men in the United States. Their income is limited so they hope for better quality services with reasonable prices. And this the reason that Verizon keeps telling the men in front of the TV that their 4G is over 6 times more coverage compared to AT&T, which means we have better quality than AT&T and fair price. People’s consumption habits can easily be effected by the surrounding people. The same situation happens in the ad. Though most of the ideas come from those guys are bad ideas, but their friends are willing to accept it. And this is the disadvantage of speculation consumption. Unless people can make right decisions, because good ideas always spread. And this is the ultimate direction that Verizon is willing to go. If the men do not want to make bad decisions and feel brighter in their peers, choosing Verizon is always a good proof. Unlike focusing on social class characteristics mostly, this ad add one African American talent to minimize the racial segregation. It cannot change the fact that even in this small group, it is still white man dominant, but the black talent definitely increase the group diversity and make this more likely in American society. The situation in the other commercial is the other way. This is the TV commercial expressing how Verizon contributed in the health care field. To create out the confidence and reliability of Verizon’s services, the talents who play doctors and nurses in the ad look tidy, calm and helpful. One of the similarities among them is they all use mobile devices to check out the medical records, 3D brian scanner pictures or drug information. The patients are the other essential consumption group that Verizon wants to attract, so Verizon states that patients can measure the heart rate and the contractions and send them directly to the clinic through mobile devices, as well as helping the patients memorize their illness history. All the advantages prove the Verizon tries to â€Å"improve collaborations between care givers and patients†. Also, instead of putting the lines into the talents’ mouth, this ad use the voiceover to tell us the benefits of the service. In this way, Verizon makes the ad more like a Public Addressing Ad instead of a commercial ad. It may makes the consumers feel that Verizon is not only one company which just care about their own profits, it also cares about the society and is willing to pay back. Compared to the former 4G ad portraying the simpleminded, funny and a little arrogant lower class men, this ads pictures doctors and nurses, middle and higher class people as warm-hearted, dedicated and smart. They are the best group to publicize the reliability of high technology. Verizon applies the graphics and the statistics to show how professional Verizon can be in healthcare field. I think the multi-racial aspect is worth mentioning in this ad. Cortese once said in her paper that â€Å"advertising images, as cultural commodities and social constructions, are sites of struggle along racial fault lines in the United States’s cultural landscape†(Cortese, 1), and I think it is a good example of the improvement of racial problem in this country. On the one hand, the white people in this ad is still more than the colored people. After all, the United States is still one white dominancy society, but at the same, it is also a big â€Å"Melting Pot†. So we can still find the Asian American and Latino/African American face from this ad. Moreover, because doctor and nursers are care givers, so they are in a powerful statues, while patients are considered as the care acceptors and they are in a weaker position. In order to show the equal presentation, the ad also categorizes the Asian American as the doctor and the Latino/African American as the patient instead of ask both of them to be the patients. Different company has various adverting strategy. Luxury brands need to show their sharp fashion taste while normal brands must present their money-saving advantage. But for brands like Verizon, which provides necessary services for almost every class people, they need to use diverse selling advertisements to hit all possible consumption groups. From the two typical Verizon ads, people can conclude that the selling strategy of Verizon is dividing consumption groups based on their social class instead of their races. It is a more realistic way to provide different costing plans to various income groups. And it can also attract all people who has this economical ability instead of blocking out of some potential consumers because racial discrimination. In this way, Verizon could possible to increase their consumer range and increase their profit.

American Art Reaction Paper

TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n is Ã' Ã ¾nsidÐ µrÐ µd Ð °s Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ ¾st sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' rÐ µlÐ µvÐ °nt sÐ ¾ngwritÐ µrs Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur timÐ µ, Ð °nd hÐ °s bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tiÐ ¾n’s mÐ ¾st uniquÐ µ vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µs. DÐ µspitÐ µ sÐ ¾mÐ µ nÐ µgÐ °tivÐ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °Ã' ks Ð ¾n hÐ µr Ð °lbums, mÐ °inlÃ'Æ' thÐ µ lÐ °tÐ µst Ð ¾nÐ µ â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning†, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' rÐ µÃ °ffirms hÐ µr tÐ °lÐ µnts Ð °s Ð ° writÐ µr Ð °nd nÐ ¾t just Ð ° vÐ ¾Ã' Ã °list in Ð µÃ °Ã' h nÐ µw Ð °lbum. ThrÐ ¾ughÐ ¾ut hÐ µr rÐ ¾Ã' k Ã' Ã °rÐ µÃ µr, Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ °s Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd suÃ' h sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °l impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt issuÐ µs Ð °s humÐ °n rights, rÐ °Ã' iÐ °l Ð µquÐ °litÃ'Æ', Ð °nd Ð µÃ' Ã ¾nÐ ¾miÃ'  justiÃ' Ã µ.SÐ ¾mÐ µ might sÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °t suÃ' h thÐ µmÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t nÐ µw Ð °nd Ð °rÐ µ mÐ µntià  ¾nÐ µd in mÐ °nÃ'Æ' Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs, but thÐ µ wÐ °Ã'Æ' TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs hÐ µr Ð ¾wn Ð °ttitudÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µsÐ µ things is rÐ µÃ °llÃ'Æ' uniquÐ µ Ð °nd tÐ ¾uÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ hÐ µÃ °rts Ð ¾f fÐ °ns. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n wÐ °s bÐ ¾rn MÐ °rÃ' h 20, 1964 in Ð ¡lÐ µvÐ µlÐ °nd, ОhiÐ ¾. TÐ ¾gÐ µthÐ µr with hÐ µr Ð ¾ldÐ µr sistÐ µr, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' wÐ °s rÐ °isÐ µd Ð °lÐ ¾nÐ µ bÃ'Æ' thÐ µir mÐ ¾thÐ µr in Ð ° â€Å"lÐ ¾wÐ µr-middlÐ µ Ã' lÐ °ss† nÐ µighbÐ ¾rhÐ ¾Ã ¾d. SinÃ' Ã µ hÐ µr mÐ ¾thÐ µr hÐ °d tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rk hÐ °rd in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð µÃ °rn Ð µnÐ ¾ugh mÐ ¾nÐ µÃ'Æ' fÐ ¾r living, bÐ ¾th girls spÐ µnt muÃ' h timÐ µ Ð °lÐ ¾nÐ µ, nÐ ¾t hÐ °ving muÃ' h in Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n with thÐ µ kids in thÐ µir nÐ µighbÐ ¾rhÐ ¾Ã ¾d.During thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs thÐ µ littlÐ µ girl TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' wrÐ ¾tÐ µ pÐ ¾Ã µtrÃ'Æ' Ð °nd shÐ ¾rt stÐ ¾riÐ µs, lÐ µÃ °rnt tÐ ¾ plÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ µ ukulÐ µlÐ µ, thÐ µ piÐ °nÐ ¾, Ð °nd thÐ µ guitÐ °r. FinÐ °llÃ'Æ', shÐ µ stÐ °rtÐ µd writing hÐ µr Ð ¾wn sÐ ¾ngs whiÃ' h hÐ µlpÐ µd hÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð µxprÐ µss hÐ µr thÐ ¾ughts, Ð µmÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd fÐ µÃ µlings thÐ °t shÐ µ Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t unÃ' Ã ¾vÐ µr tÐ ¾ hÐ µr mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾r sistÐ µr. LÐ °tÐ µr TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ã' rÐ µÃ °tÐ µ hÐ µr furthÐ µr lifÐ µ in Ð ° diffÐ µrÐ µnt wÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °n shÐ µ wÐ °s grÐ ¾wn up. Ð s Ð ° rÐ µsult, shÐ µ finishÐ µd Ð ° privÐ °tÐ µ sÃ' hÐ ¾Ã ¾l in Ð ¡Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tiÃ' ut Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr rÐ µÃ' Ã µivÐ µd Ð ° sÃ' hÐ ¾lÐ °rship tÐ ¾ studÃ'Æ' in Tufts UnivÐ µrsitÃ'Æ' in BÐ ¾stÐ ¾n.DuÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f hÐ µr Ã' lÐ °ssmÐ °tÐ µs Ð °t Tufts TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n gÐ µt signÐ µd tÐ ¾ ЕlÐ µktrÐ ° RÐ µÃ' Ã ¾rds whiÃ' h rÐ µlÐ µÃ °sÐ µd hÐ µr dÐ µbut in 1988 with thÐ µ fit FÐ °st Ð ¡Ã °r (TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' ThÐ ¾mpsÐ ¾n, p. 31). It wÐ °s Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' thÐ µ bÐ µginning Ð ¾f Ð ° suÃ' Ã' Ã µssful Ã' Ã °rÐ µÃ µr Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °nd intrÐ ¾duÃ' Ã µd hÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð ° lÐ µgiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f fÐ °ns. HÐ µr lÐ °tÐ µst Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† Ã' Ã ¾mbinÐ µs bÐ ¾th fÐ °miliÐ °r thÐ µmÐ µs with Ð ° fÐ µw mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð µÃ' lÐ µÃ' tiÃ'  musiÃ' Ã °l influÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n triÐ µs tÐ ¾ stÐ °Ã'Æ' mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð ¾r lÐ µss truÐ µ tÐ ¾ hÐ µr Ð ¾riginÐ °l sÐ ¾und in Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng Ð ¾f this Ð °lbum. HÐ µr guitÐ °r bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µs pÐ °rt Ð ¾f hÐ µr vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ð °nd thÐ µ musiÃ'  blÐ µnds smÐ ¾Ã ¾th.This Ð °lbum is sÐ ¾ diffÐ µrÐ µnt frÐ ¾m hÐ µr prÐ µviÐ ¾us Ð ¾nÐ µs thÐ °t Ð ¾nÐ µ Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t hÐ µlp bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾ming Ð ° littlÐ µ Ð °ddiÃ' tÐ µd tÐ ¾ this nÐ µw sÐ ¾und Ð °nd vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾f Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °s Ð ° whÐ ¾lÐ µ. It is thÐ µ fÐ ¾lk musiÃ'  Ð ¡D thÐ °t tings rÐ ¾Ã' k, sÐ ¾ul Ð °nd bluÐ µs whiÃ' h is rÐ °thÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n fÐ ¾r TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n. HÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, this timÐ µ singÐ µr Ð °ddÐ µd sÐ ¾mÐ µ nÐ µw sÐ ¾niÃ'  Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts likÐ µ thÐ µ bÐ °gpipÐ µs Ð °nd digÐ µrdÐ ¾Ã ¾ (Bud Ð £Ã µÃ °gÐ µr, p. 23). ЕvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng in thÐ µ Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† is impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt in its mÐ µÃ °ning Ð °nd mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÐ °ns, hÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l sÐ ¾ngs Ð °rÐ µ wÐ ¾rthÃ'Æ' Ð ¾f spÐ µÃ' iÐ °l Ð °ttÐ µntiÐ ¾n. Ð mÐ ¾ng thÐ µm is thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld†.It tÐ µlls Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur plÐ °nÐ µt in thÐ µ wÐ °Ã'Æ's thÐ °t might bÐ µ Ð °vÐ ¾idÐ µd bÃ'Æ' thÐ µ humÐ °nitÃ'Æ'. Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ ¾ints Ð ¾ut thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth is â€Å"mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾f us Ð °ll, plÐ °Ã' Ã µ Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur birth† whiÃ' h hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn â€Å"pÐ ¾isÐ ¾nÐ µd Ð °nd bÐ µÃ °tÐ µn up† fÐ ¾r lÐ ¾ng pÐ µriÐ ¾d Ð ¾f timÐ µ. PÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ, whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ witnÐ µssÐ µs Ð ¾f suÃ' h â€Å"grÐ µÃ °t viÐ ¾lÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð °ll timÐ µÃ¢â‚¬ , stÐ °nd Ð °sidÐ µ Ð °nd dÐ ¾ nÐ ¾thing tÐ ¾ prÐ µvÐ µnt suÃ' h hÐ ¾rriblÐ µ Ã' rimÐ µ. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ °s Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µÃ °rth pÐ ¾llutiÐ ¾n in hÐ µr prÐ µviÐ ¾us sÐ ¾ngs Ð °s wÐ µll, but it sÐ µÃ µms thÐ °t Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† givÐ µs hÐ µr Ð ° nÐ µw hÐ ¾pÐ µ fÐ ¾r bÐ µttÐ µr futurÐ µ.ThÐ °t is whÃ'Æ', in Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng shÐ µ inspirÐ µs pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ tÐ ¾ lÐ ¾Ã ¾k Ð °rÐ ¾und Ð °nd â€Å"stÐ ¾p thÐ µ rÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ wÐ ¾rld†; Ð ¾thÐ µrwisÐ µ, it will bÐ µ â€Å"thÐ µ bÐ µginning Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð µnd† (Ð li SinÃ' lÐ °ir, p. 9). In thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld† Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs frÐ ¾m Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n tÐ °kÐ µs Ð ° simplÐ µ musiÃ' Ã °l Ð °pprÐ ¾Ã °Ã' h in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ fÐ ¾Ã' us Ð °ttÐ µntiÐ ¾n Ð ¾n hÐ µr Ð ¾wn vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ. Ð s usuÐ °l, lÃ'Æ'riÃ' s Ã' Ã ¾mbinÐ µ Ð µmÐ ¾tiÐ ¾nÐ °l pÐ ¾rtrÐ °its Ð °nd pÐ ¾litiÃ' Ã °l gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °lizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns whiÃ' h shÐ ¾w Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n’s fÐ µÃ µlings Ð °nd pÐ ¾litiÃ' s Ð µvÐ µn mÐ ¾rÐ µ dÐ µÃ µplÃ'Æ' (GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ GrÐ °hÐ °m, p. 10).Ð s ЕntÐ µrtÐ °inmÐ µnt WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' wrÐ ¾tÐ µ in 1995, â€Å"hÐ µr rÐ µsÐ ¾nÐ °nt vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ imbuÐ µs thÐ µsÐ µ lÐ ¾w-kÐ µÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ngs with wÐ °rmth thÐ °t sÐ µduÃ' Ã µs Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12/1/95, p. 74) WhilÐ µ Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs in thÐ µ Ð °lbum tÐ °lk mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °bÐ ¾ut lÐ ¾vÐ µ Ð °nd rÐ ¾mÐ °nÃ' Ã µ, sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld† is Ð ° bÐ µÃ °utiful Ã'Æ'Ð µt mÐ ¾urnful bÐ °llÐ °d Ð °bÐ ¾ut sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °l injustiÃ' Ã µ. SingÐ µr Ð µmphÐ °sizÐ µs thÐ °t if Ð µÃ °rth is â€Å"mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾f us Ð °ll†, thÐ µn it is â€Å"thÐ µ dÐ µÃ °dliÐ µst Ð ¾f sins† bÐ µÃ' Ã °usÐ µ it givÐ µs birth tÐ ¾ Ð °ll thÐ µ living bÐ µings Ð °nd givÐ µs thÐ µm fÐ ¾Ã ¾d Ð °nd shÐ µltÐ µr. ЕÐ °rth is Ð °ssÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °tÐ µd with Ð ° quÐ µÃ µn tÐ °t hÐ °s glÐ ¾rÃ'Æ' Ð °nd pÐ ¾wÐ µr.HÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, in rÐ µÃ °litÃ'Æ' situÐ °tiÐ ¾n is tÐ ¾tÐ °llÃ'Æ' diffÐ µrÐ µnt sinÃ' Ã µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ usÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °l rÐ µsÐ ¾urÃ' Ã µs unwisÐ µlÃ'Æ', dÐ µstrÐ ¾Ã'Æ' fÐ ¾rÐ µsts Ð °nd lÐ °kÐ µs, thus Ã' Ã °usÐ µ Ð °ir Ð °nd wÐ °tÐ µr pÐ ¾llutiÐ ¾n. Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t bÐ µ indiffÐ µrÐ µnt tÐ ¾ this situÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd suÃ' h Ð °ttitudÐ µ Ð ¾f humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt. PÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ usÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ã' Ã °mpÐ °igns, thus, might lÐ ¾sÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µst tÐ ¾ thÐ µir truÐ µ mÐ µÃ °ning. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ ¾pÐ µs thÐ °t if wÐ ¾rds frÐ ¾m hÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs tÐ ¾uÃ' h Ð °t lÐ µÃ °st Ð ¾nÐ µ pÐ µrsÐ ¾n, Ð °ll thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °ttÐ µmpts Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t in vÐ °in. SÐ ¾mÐ µtimÐ µs, Ð ° wÐ ¾rd Ã' Ã °n tÐ ¾uÃ' h thÐ µ mind Ð °nd hÐ µÃ °rt Ð ¾f Ð ° pÐ µrsÐ ¾n in bÐ µttÐ µr wÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °n Ð °nÃ'Æ' Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ã' Ã °mpÐ °ign Ð ¾r Ð °dvÐ µrtisÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µ nÐ µwspÐ °pÐ µr Ð ¾r mÐ °gÐ °zinÐ µ.Thus, shÐ µ Ã' Ã °lls Ð ¾thÐ µrs tÐ ¾ sÐ µÃ µ Ð °ll this dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n with thÐ µir Ð ¾wn Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µs Ð °nd hÐ µÃ °r thÐ µ Ã' riÐ µs Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth. ThÐ ¾ugh, thÐ µ glÐ ¾bÐ °l Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µ in thÐ µ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt shÐ ¾uld stà  °rt frÐ ¾m Ð ° littlÐ µ Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µ within Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' individuÐ °l. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n usÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ ¾rd â€Å"rÐ °pÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  Ð ¾n purpÐ ¾sÐ µ. If shÐ µ mÐ µntiÐ ¾nÐ µd wÐ ¾rds likÐ µ â€Å"ruin†, â€Å"dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n† Ð °nd Ð ¾thÐ µrs, it might nÐ ¾t influÐ µnÃ' Ã µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ sÐ ¾ muÃ' h Ð °s with thÐ µ wÐ ¾rd â€Å"rÐ °pÐ µÃ¢â‚¬ . ThÐ µ wÐ ¾rd hÐ °s Ð ° dÐ µÃ µp mÐ µÃ °ning, thÐ °t is, Ð µÃ °rth is hÐ µlplÐ µss tÐ ¾wÐ °rd humÐ °n’s Ã' ruÐ µl Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd lÐ ¾sÐ µs its pÐ ¾wÐ µr Ð °nd pÐ ¾ssibilitiÐ µs Ð °s thÐ µ nÐ µgÐ °tivÐ µ Ð °nd hÐ °rmful influÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾f humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' inÃ' rÐ µÃ °sÐ µs.During mÐ °nÃ'Æ' Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ã' Ã µnturiÐ µs Ð µÃ °rth hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn â€Å"Ã' lÐ µÃ °r-Ã' ut, dumpÐ µd Ð ¾n, pÐ ¾isÐ ¾nÐ µd Ð °nd bÐ µÃ °tÐ µn up†, whilÐ µ pÐ ¾pulÐ °tiÐ ¾n wÐ °s indiffÐ µrà  µnt, blind Ð °nd mutÐ µ witnÐ µss Ð ¾f this grÐ µÃ °t viÐ ¾lÐ °tiÐ ¾n. SÐ ¾mÐ µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ Ã' Ã °n tÐ °lk Ð °bÐ ¾ut Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l issuÐ µs Ð °nd Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, but dÐ ¾ nÐ ¾thing tÐ ¾ prÐ µvÐ µnt thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n. ОthÐ µrs nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' tÐ °lk, but Ð °lsÐ ¾ mÐ °kÐ µ Ð °pprÐ ¾priÐ °tÐ µ Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns tÐ ¾ hÐ µlp thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt. WÐ ¾rds Ð °nd mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µs frÐ ¾m Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n’s sÐ ¾ngs might bÐ µ summÐ °rizÐ µd in Ð ¾nÐ µ singlÐ µ – â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† whÐ µrÐ µ singÐ µr Ð µmphÐ °sizÐ µs thÐ °t â€Å"it’s timÐ µ tÐ ¾ stÐ °rt Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° nÐ µw bÐ µginning†.WhilÐ µ it still Ã' Ã °rriÐ µs thÐ µ sÐ °mÐ µ strÐ ¾ng mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ, it Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ mÐ ¾rÐ µ subtlÐ µtÃ'Æ': â€Å"WÐ µ Ã' Ã °n brÐ µÃ °k thÐ µ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã' lÐ µ, wÐ µ Ã' Ã °n stÐ °rt Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr†¦Ã¢â‚¬  DÐ µspitÐ µ sÐ °d mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng, its lÃ'Æ'riÃ' s prÐ ¾vidÐ µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ with thÐ µ hÐ ¾pÐ µ thÐ °t it is nÐ ¾t tÐ ¾Ã ¾ lÐ °tÐ µ tÐ ¾ stÐ ¾p thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd sÐ °vÐ µ Ð ¾ur plÐ °nÐ µt frÐ ¾m tÐ ¾tÐ °l Ã' risis. ThÐ µ sÐ ¾ng shÐ °mÐ µs listÐ µnÐ µrs intÐ ¾ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l rÐ µspÐ ¾nsibilitÃ'Æ' whiÃ' h is thÐ µ bÐ °siÃ'  Ð ¾f Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' individuÐ °l in thÐ µir Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ'dÐ °Ã'Æ' lifÐ µ. WhilÐ µ listÐ µning tÐ ¾ thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld†, thÐ µrÐ µ is nÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ubt thÐ °t Ð °nÃ'Æ'Ð ¾nÐ µ Ã' Ã °n stÐ °Ã'Æ' indiffÐ µrÐ µnt tÐ ¾ thÐ µsÐ µ wÐ ¾rds, Ð µspÐ µÃ' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' whÐ µn Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ ¾ints Ð ¾ut thÐ °t humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' is â€Å"witnÐ µss† tÐ ¾ this rÐ °pÐ µ.It mÐ µÃ °ns thÐ °t wÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ bÐ ¾th Ã' ruÐ µl dÐ µstrÐ ¾Ã'Æ'Ð µr Ð °nd hÐ µlplà  µss witnÐ µss. WÐ µ ruin Ð ¾ur Ð ¾wn bÐ °sÐ µ – thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth wÐ µ livÐ µ in. If wÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾ntinuÐ µ suÃ' h hÐ °rmful Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns, whÐ °t will hÐ °ppÐ µn with thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt in sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs? Will wÐ µ thÐ µn bÐ µ Ð °blÐ µ tÐ ¾ brÐ µÃ °thÐ µ frÐ µsh Ð °ir, tÐ ¾ wÐ °lk tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÐ ¾rÐ µsts Ð °nd pÐ °rk, tÐ ¾ usÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °l rÐ µsÐ ¾urÃ' Ã µs thÐ °t wÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd sÐ ¾ muÃ' h in Ð ¾ur lifÐ µ? In suÃ' h Ð ° wÐ °Ã'Æ', wÐ ¾rds Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' pÐ µrsÐ ¾n Ð ¾n thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt with thÐ µ hÐ ¾pÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ã' ruÃ' iÐ °l Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µs in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ sÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt frÐ ¾m tÐ ¾tÐ °l dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n. SinÃ' Ã µ nÐ ¾wÐ °dÐ °Ã'Æ's thÐ µ quÐ µstiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n is vitÐ °l, sÐ ¾ngs Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °rÐ µ mÐ ¾ rÐ µ thÐ °n impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt.ThÐ µÃ'Æ' Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µs Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ Ð mÐ µriÃ' Ã °n nÐ °tiÐ ¾n, but tÐ ¾ thÐ µ whÐ ¾lÐ µ wÐ ¾rld Ð °s wÐ µll bÐ µÃ' Ã °usÐ µ if Ð °ll nÐ °tiÐ ¾ns unitÐ µ in Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, wÐ µ still hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° Ã' hÐ °nÃ' Ã µ tÐ ¾ sÐ °vÐ µ Ð ¾ur â€Å"hÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð °nd plÐ °Ã' Ã µ Ð ¾f birth†. GrÐ µÃ µn PÐ µÃ °Ã' Ã µ Ð °nd Ð ¾thÐ µr Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µrÃ'Æ' pÐ ¾pulÐ °r tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ', Ð µspÐ µÃ' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' Ð °mÐ ¾ng Ã'Æ'Ð ¾uth. ThÐ µir mÐ °in mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ is thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ung pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ thÐ ¾sÐ µ rÐ µspÐ ¾nsiblÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µs in tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ'’s wÐ ¾rld. Ð s thÐ µ prÐ ¾Ã ¾f Ð ¾f hÐ µr Ð ¾wn Ã' Ã °rÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ °rtiÃ' ipÐ °tÐ µd in sÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾f rÐ ¾Ã' k’s mÐ ¾st lÐ µg Ð µndÐ °rÃ'Æ' livÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts, inÃ' luding Ð mnÐ µstÃ'Æ' IntÐ µrnÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l’s HumÐ °n Rights TÐ ¾ur, LÐ ¾ndÐ ¾n’s FrÐ µÃ µdÐ ¾mfÐ µst hÐ ¾nÐ ¾ring NÐ µlsÐ ¾n MÐ °ndÐ µlÐ °, Ð °nd thÐ µ BÐ ¾b DÃ'Æ'lÐ °n 30th Ð nnivÐ µrsÐ °rÃ'Æ' Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µrt.HÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾ntributiÐ ¾n intÐ ¾ musiÃ'  Ð °nd Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l sphÐ µrÐ µs is vÐ µrÃ'Æ' impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt sinÃ' Ã µ duÐ µ tÐ ¾ hÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n is urging fÐ ¾r Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °Ã' tivism in thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °pÐ °thÐ µtiÃ'  timÐ µs. WÐ ¾rks Ð ¡itÐ µd: Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ'. NÐ µw BÐ µginning: ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld. ЕlÐ µktrÐ °, Ð ¡D 61850-2, 1995 GrÐ °hÐ °m, GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ. â€Å"ThÐ µ GrÐ °hÐ °m WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' Ð lbum RÐ µviÐ µw #1007 TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n: NÐ µw BÐ µginning†. ЕlÐ µktrÐ ° RÐ µÃ' Ã ¾rds: 11/8/95 SinÃ' lÐ °ir, Ð li.  "NÐ µw BÐ µginning. † MusiÃ'  RÐ µviÐ µw 1996 ThÐ ¾mpsÐ ¾n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ'. â€Å"This LÐ µgÐ µnd VÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ. † ЕntÐ µrtÐ °inmÐ µnt WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' 1995 Ð £Ã µÃ °gÐ µr, Bud. â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n. † LÐ ¾s Ð ngÐ µlÐ µs TimÐ µs 25 MÐ °r. 1995

Research Methods in Communication

This paper aims to analyze the function of international and intercultural communicating as indispensable constituents in educating and developing library and information staff. Based on a literature reappraisal, the paper discusses the significance and definition of internationalisation, and provides an overview of the chief issues and tendencies in internationalisation of higher instruction. It besides explains how the construct of and attacks to internationalisation hold greatly influenced library and information scientific discipline educational scenes and plans in Europe and the USA. The findings show that schools that already has or programs to supply exchange plans or international surveies should see international pupils and instructors as Windowss to the outside universe and new chances for personal and professional development of their local communities. Cebron, N. , Jablonkai, R. , & A ; Rados, L. ( 2005 ) . The cross-cultural concern communicating undertaking or working ICT to ease ICC. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 9 ( June ) . In this survey, the writers aim to analyze the elevation of intercultural consciousness in schoolroom and particularly pupils response. The analysis is based on a undertaking in which Business English acquisition has been carried out through assorted attacks in a series of practical workshops. 500 pupils, 18 instructors, 16 establishments from 10 different states participated in the web. The findings show that ICC is deriving attending in foreign linguistic communication instruction, and the internet is proved to helpful in actuating pupils and motivating bespoke instruction tools for pupils ‘ demands. It besides finds out that instructors function in civilization instruction should be reevaluated. Cheng, L. ( 2006 ) . On the earlierization of foreign linguistic communication larning. Journal of Linyi Teachers University, 28 ( 4 ) , 134-137 Detecting the fact that Chinese kids begin larning foreign linguistic communications from progressively younger age, the writer analyses the alteration of get downing age and attitudes toward earlieraization of larning foreign linguistic communications through 67 questionnaires from 2 groups of people of different ages. To reflect the position quo and the jobs of English acquisition among kindergartners, informations of English learning resources, textooks and category agreements were collected from 10 kindergartens. By comparing the get downing age of foreign linguistic communication acquisition in China and other states, and mentioning it to the major theories on optimum foreign linguistic communication larning age, the paper concludes that analyzing foreign linguistic communication in early age is neither empiricalyl nor theoretically supported. Cowley, P. , & A ; Hanna, B. E. ( 2005 ) . Cross-cultural accomplishments – Traversing the disciplinary divide. Language and Communication, 25 ( 1 ) , 1-17. The paper examines the differences in comprehending intercultural differences and its relationship to the schoolroom learning in two unites in ICC in Australian universities. It besides raises a figure of issues of relevancy to the instruction of civilization within aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"language courses.aa‚ ¬A? . The survey includes regular observation of and engagement in the hebdomadal categories in two units of pupils of different degrees and through analysing of the lineations and reading lists provided. The survey suggestes some ways of working available signifiers of cultural difference and some ways such as interdisciplinary attack to develop pupils to see themselves every bit good communicators. Gevorgyan, G. , & A ; Porter, L. V. ( 2008 ) . One size does non suit all: Culture and perceived importance of web design characteristics. Journal of Website Promotion, 3 ( 1-2 ) , 25-38. The survey assumes that harmonizing to Geert Hofstede ‘s theory of cultural dimensions, cyberspace users from different civilizations would value specific web design features otherwise. The hypotheses were tested by a study of American and Chinese college pupils ‘ perceptual experiences and penchant in certain characteristics in web sites. 67 American and 62 Chinese pupils participated in it. The consequences confirm the premise that cultural backgrounds influence perceptual experiences of web planing. On footing of this decision, it is suggested that seting cultural values in to net designing is an of import portion in website publicity. Holmes, P. ( 2005 ) . Cultural Chinese pupils ‘ communicating with cultural others in a New Zealand university. Communication Education, 54 ( 4 ) , 289-311 This interpretative survey explores the cultural Chinese pupils ‘ experiences in a New Zealand university schoolroom context. The survey was supported by realistic enquiry and 13 cultural Chinese pupils in a New Zealand concern school participated in the research. This survey finds that Chinese communicative form is a barrier to analyze in the new civilization and it was necessary for Chinese pupils to retrace and renegociate their communicating so as to accommodate to the new environment. It besides raises of import suggestions for pedagogues to acknowledge the importance of cross-cultural communicating and to seek to internationalising the schoolroom. Huntington, A. , & A ; Sudbery, J. ( 2005 ) . Virtual schoolrooms: Experiences of European collaborative instruction and acquisition. Social Work Education, 24 ( 3 ) , 363-371. In this survey, the writers briefly depict some constituents and characteristics of a ‘virtual schoolroom ‘ , reflecte on staff experience, and highlight some of import issues when utilizing ICT for societal work instruction. The analysis is based on two illustrations: the first one being a compulsory talk for self-selected pupils and coachs, and the 2nd one being a instance survey of four members in a household. The findings show that on the one manus, effectual ICT needs to be used decently to heighten pupil experience and results. On the other manus, to avoid negative impact, the bing structural inequality demands to be taken into consideration. Liao, C. ( 2005 ) . A incompatible survey of the pick of grounds in Chinese and English argumentative essays. Journal of Yunnan Normal University. 3 ( 3 ) , 55-59 In this survey, the writer aims to happen out the differences in the pick of grounds in Chinese and English persuasive Hagiographas and the nexus between the major ideas in both civilizations and the differences. By analyzing the exerts from authoritative plants of both linguistic communications, the survey shows that Chinese persuasive Hagiographas tend to value sentiments of famous persons and well-known beginnings while English authors consider common people ‘s illustrations and factual statistics more forceful, and these differences are significantly influenced by the â€Å" Rule of the Law † in traditional English civilization and â€Å" Rule by Morality † in traditional Chinese civilization. Martinovic, D. , & A ; Dlamini, S. N. ( 2009 ) . Is ‘good ‘ truly good? Researching internationally educated teacher campaigners ‘ verbal descriptions of their in-school experiences. Language Awareness, 18 ( 2 ) , 129-146. In this survey, the writers present an incident that shows teacher campaigners ‘ strategic ways of utilizing words like â€Å" good † and â€Å" all right † , to conceal true feelings in their instruction experience. The treatment is based on sections of informations collected from a seminar, a portion of a teacher instruction programme in a Canadian university. In the decision, the writers point out that associate instructors use this sort of linguistic communication to command instructor campaigners and forestall them from altering established norms and values, and teacher campaigners use them to support themselves against being controlled. Nakane, I. ( 2006 ) . Silence and niceness in intercultural communicating in university seminars. Journal of Pragmatics, 38 ( 11 ) , 1811-1835. This paper aims to explicate the phenomena that Asia pupils remain silence in foreign categories through comparing schoolroom behavior of pupils from Nipponese and Australian backgrounds. By utilizing participant interviews, schoolroom observation and elaborate discourse analysis, the writer suggests that the silence is normally used by Nipponese pupils to salvage face while Australian pupils tend to utilize verbal schemes for the same intent. It besides finds that Nipponese pupils ‘ extended usage of face-saving silences gives the teachers a negative feeling and is considered deficiency of resonance. However, it is besides pointed out that silence may be negotiated when they realize this state of affairs in schoolroom interaction. Ngwainmbi, E. K. ( 2004 ) . Communication in the Chinese schoolroom. Education, 125 ( 1 ) , 63-76. To analyze the correlativity between Chinese scholars and the American professors, who are believed to be incentives and wise mans, the survey uses a participant-observer attack in which a class unfastened to the populace is designed and pupils ‘s public presentation is recorded and analysed. It is found out that Chinese scholars runing in a formal environment have a critical head, and are more willing to interact on interesting subjects and in synergistic instruction manners, but they are likely to be selective when asked to notice on political issues. Tange, H. ( 2010 ) . Caught in the tower of Tower of Babel: University lectors ‘ experiences with internationalization. Language and Intercultural Communication, 10 ( 2 ) , 137-149. The paper shows that higher instruction organisations in Danmark are progressively internationalized presents. By carry oning a sum of 20 qualitative research interviews with lecture and administrative staff at three modules, the analysis emphasizes the necessity of their changing in learning mode and contents, and the challenges for lectors to move and interact in this multicultural acquisition and instruction environment. It is so suggested that establishments should pay more attending to the internationalisation of instruction, do more attempts to better their apprehension of it in order to supply comprehensive cognition and to work more expeditiously and efficaciously in a multicultural environment.. Wei, X. ( 2009 ) . On negative cultural transportation in communicating between Chinese and Americans. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 21 ( Oct ) . In this survey, the writer discusses negative cultural transportation in communicating between Chinese and Americans from two degrees: the negative transportation of surface-structure civilization such as linguistic communication signifiers and address Acts of the Apostless, and the one of deep-structure civilization in values, believing forms, spiritual beliefs and moralss. The writer examines some impressions characterized with cultural specialness and discusses their significances in inside informations. The findings shows the necessity of interrupting apart cultural stereotypes, of organizing sensitiveness to subtle differences in different civilizations, and of toleranting different attitudes toward aliens and certain communicative schemes. Xia, L. ( 2005 ) . Intercultural rhetorical surveies in argumentative discourse: English vs. Chinese. Retrieved from CNKI Academic Resources. This thesis aims to analyze both the similarities and unsimilarities of English and Chinese argumentative discourses. By closely analyzing 120 English and Chinese argumentative essays, this survey shows that Chinese inducer prefer Proverbs, analogies, and inductive logical thinking, as indicated in the preparation of ethical and logical entreaties in modern-day Chinese argumentative discourse. In contrast, Western ways of thought and accent on the values of freedom, democracy and individuality in modern-day American debate. Zeki, C. P. ( 2009 ) . The importance of non-verbal communicating in schoolroom direction. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1 ( 1 ) , 1443-1449. The purpose of this survey is to analyze studentsaa‚ ¬a„? apprehensions of gestural communicating in schoolroom environment. The research worker enrolled 67 junior university pupils into two schoolroom direction groups who are asked to compose studies harmonizing to the instructors instructions. Contented analysis is used to analyze the qualitative informations collected from the pupils ‘ studies. The findings reveal that non-verbal communicating can significantly actuate pupils, draw and maintain their attending. Therefore, it is recommended that instructors should be cognizant of the importance of gestural communicating and utilize it decently to accomplish a better schoolroom direction. ( Word count: 1765 ) The subject I would wish to discourse is the cultural challenges that international pupils would run into in foreign schoolroom and the suggestions for them and the instructors.

Externalities in Economics Essay

Externality is yet another significant source of market failure. It is owing to the lack of property rights that externality arises. According to Jaen (2005), by externality we mean the situation when the cost or benefits related to a transaction not only affects the transactors but also the other parties which is called party effect. Non-inclusion of such effect in decision making causes externality and hence market failure. Jaen added that an example of this is pollution from factories which adversely affects the health of the people in the neighborhood. But such a cost is not included in the estimation of cost of production; accordingly there is increase supply. This is called negative or harmful externality. Jaen (2005) added that externality could be beneficial as well and he cited an example, the painting of house by individual A may lead in its market value and also that of the other properties in the neighborhood. Thus the benefit accrues to the third party; this is an example of positive externality. Before explaining externality further, we must make a distinction between private cost or benefit and social cost or benefit. In a given society, the resources are said to be optimally allocated when the social marginal cost is equal to the social marginal benefit. Free markets would optimally allocate the resources when private costs are equal to social costs and private benefits are the same as social benefits (Jaen, 2005). There would be negative externality when social cost exceeds private costs and positive or beneficial externality when social benefits exceed private benefits. _________________________ Jaen, T. R. & Ohri, V. K. (2005). Principles of Microeconomics. Page 324 – 332 Externalities arise when one economic agent does not compensate others for his actions which may directly affect their consumption or production possibilities. Smokers, who do not, for example, pay for increasing others’ risk of cancer, or for the discomfort they may cause, produce externalities. According to Miyao & Kanemoto (1987), urban life is filled with examples of externalities: manufacturing producers may cause air and water pollution which negatively affects residence and other producer; some individuals may have racial prejudice against certain ethnic groups; a household may benefit from beautiful gardens of its neighbors; firms often prefer to locate in larger cities because of proximity to other firms; and an additional traveler in a congested road imposes external cost on other travelers by slowing them down. According to the Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics, a competitive equilibrium is efficient in the Pareto optimal sense if all goods are private goods and no externalities exist. This result, however, breaks down if there are externalities. An individual decision maker who generates externalities does not take into account actual external cost or benefits imposed on others; his decision must therefore be corrected to account for external effects. Externalities, thus present a case of potential market failure where go government intervention may be called for to guide a decentralized market system toward a point where resource allocation is efficient (Miyao & Kanemoto, 1987). It is however, too early to jump to the conclusion that government action are always justified when there are externalities; for example, individual who suffer from water pollution have an incentive to get together and bribe firms to reduce pollution. The reason why this may not happen is that the transaction cost to set up a market for pollution may be too high. ___________________________ Miyao, T. & Kanemoto, Y. (1987). Urban Dynamics and Urban Externalities. Page 100 According to Miyao & Kanemoto (1987), if the government has to incur the same transactions cost as private individuals, then government intervention cannot improve resource allocation. Even if government intervention is justifiable, the government has to choose an appropriate policy among alternative policy measures. For example, introducing a Pigouvian tax/subsidy system is one way of modifying individuals’ action to achieve an efficient allocation (Miyao & Kanemoto, 1987). A tax` placed on pollution will ten to reduce the amount of externality. If a corrective tax is set equal to the marginal externality cost suffered by others, an efficient allocation is achieved. One problem with the Pigouvian tax/subsidy, however, is that it usually requires high administrative cost. As Miyao & Kanemoto (1987) stated, in some cases, direct regulation of private activities such as ceiling on pollution emissions and a control of land use may be less costly; moreover the government might also have to resort to cruder measures. For example, a Pigouvian tax/subsidy system for traffic congestion requires congestion tolls whose levels are different for different roads depending on the severity of congestion. External effects have been studied by economist ever since the days of Marshall & Pigou; along with development of the field environmental economics, the theory of externalities has remained of great and growing importance in economic science (Jeroen 1999). As Jeroen (1999) quoted, â€Å"indeed it is fair to say that, starting from the traditional neoclassical economic framework, the most logical way to look at problems of environmental pollution is from the perspective of external cost†. It was also added that â€Å"however, although economist have been investigating the concept of externalities for a long time, both theoretically and empirically, ______________________________ Miyao, T. & Kanemoto, Y. (1987). Urban Dynamics and Urban Externalities. Page 100 Jeroen, C. & van den Bergh, J. M. (1999). Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. externalities still prove to be an area of slippery ice†. Frequently, one finds fuzzy discussions on the discussions on the policy implications of external cost. According to Jeroen (1999), this may often result from, for instance, mixing up equity and allocative efficiencies arguments , from mistaking pecuniary externalities for true or technological externalities from some sense of compassion with the victims of externalities on equity ground, leading to pleas for ‘compensation’ which may often be unwarranted from the perspective of allocative efficiency The Concept of Environmental Externalities in Economics In recent years, economist have reluctantly added new variable in their economic thinking to account for the side-effects induced by the production of goods (Hokikian, 2002). They have labeled the parameter â€Å"externalities† (normally used in plural due to its multiple effects) because it usually affects, costwise, people other than who are directly buying, selling, or using the goods in question. When nuclear reactors produce electricity, we are gratified because we put electricity to such uses as washing and drying dishes and clothes. But when the nuclear generate highly reactive by-products, we are annoyed because the nuclear wastes are dangerous to our health. Economist call these unwanted nuclear waste externalities, because most of the cost associated with storing, regulating, and transporting them are not added directly into the cost of electricity. Pollution from economic point of view is the production of waste, dirt, noise, and other things we do not want. As Hokikian (2002) illustrated, for example, we do want steel and cement, but we do not want the smoke produced by the output processes; we do want mechanical energy from heat engines, but we do not want the released heat, which we call thermal pollution. _____________________________ Hokikian, J. (2002). The Science of Disorder: Understanding the Complexity, Uncertainty, and Pollution in our World. page 161 Economists’ externalities are nature’s entropy. Since the middle of nineteenth century, we have known that all processes increase in entropy; yet only recently have humans become a highly entropic creature, generating massive amounts of entropy. Externalities have become a major variable in industrial societies; as humans advanced technologically, we became a major producers of waste products that through the years have gradually accumulated to the point when we can no longer ignore their existence (Hokikian, 2002). Paretian Welfare Criteria and Market Failures Mainstream neoclassical micro and welfare economics theories suggest that governments should in principle be reserved in intervening directly in the economic process (Jeroen, 1999). According to Jeroen (1999), it is broadly accepted that economic science should aim at providing value free descriptions and analyses of human choice, and the associated social processes, under conditions of scarcity. As it is not possible to construct a value-free social welfare function according to some ethically objective criterion, welfare economics has an inherent tendency to rely on quite humble criteria for the evaluation of different possible outcomes of economic processes, for instance under different forms of government interventions. As Jeroen (1999) stated, although the concept of external effects is widely used in economics, there seems to be some confusion about its exact definition and interpretation. He added that, it is commonly recognized that externalities are an important form of market failure. ______________________________ Hokikian, J. (2002). The Science of Disorder: Understanding the Complexity, Uncertainty, and Pollution in our World. page 161. Jeroen, C. & van den Bergh, J. M. (1999). Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics. page 197. their existence leads to a deviation from the first-best neoclassical world, in which the price mechanism takes care of an efficient resource allocation (Pareto Efficiency). According to Jeroen (1999), in the presence of ext3ernalities, market prices do not reflect full social costs or benefits, and, for instance, regulatory taxes or subsidies are called for to restore the efficient workings for the market mechanism. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that the source of externalities is typically to be found in the absence of well defined property rights (qtd. in Jeroen, 1999). Consequently, the theory of is often applied in environmental economics: environmental quality is a typical good from which property rights are not defined and hence no market exists. These commonplaces may clearly indicate the causes and consequences of external effects, but still leave the definition unclear; such a definition can be as follows: an external effect exists when an actor’s utility function contains a real variable whose actual value depends on the behavior of another actor, who does not take this effect of his behavior into account in his decision making process. According to Jeroen (1999), the above definition concerns technological externalities as opposed to pecuniary externalities. These latter which are ruled out by considering real variables only (that is, excluding monetary variables), do not lead to shifts of production and utility functions, but merely to movements along these functions. Consequently, externalities as defined above are potentially ‘Pareto relevant’ (if costs of correcting for the market failure do not exceed the welfare gains to be obtained), whereas pecuniary externalities are not, because they do not reflect a failing market. As Jeroen stated, the final condition in the __________________________ Jeroen, C. & van den Bergh, J. M. (1999). Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics. page 197. definition distinguishes externalities from other types of unpriced interactions, such as barter, violence, jealousy, altruism or good-will promoting activities (for instance , handing out samples as products as part of a commercial campaign). Such phenomena differ fundamentally from external effects, both in a theoretical and in a policy-relevance sense. There have always been economist interested in positive or negative externalities; however, they largely been marginalized within the profession as externalities were seen as market failure that needs to be corrected or avoided (Maiser & Sedlacek, 2004). The consequences that recent literature has demonstrated also made economist shy away for along time from accepting externalities as integral part of the economic system. If economist want to understand the growth of an economy over time, they need t allow for externalities. Based on Maiser & Sedlacek (2004), these externalities lead to imperfect competition and tend to agglomerate production at certain locations in the economy. They added that, the resulting spatial structure leads to specialization, transportation and further externalities. This moves the spatial perspective closer to the core of economics. â€Å"As it turns out, if we can explain geographical concentration, then we can go along way toward explaining important aspects of international trade and economic growth (qtd. in Maiser & Sedlacek, 2004). The Influence of Government Policy on the Choice of Production Practices and Chemical Use Government influence on the choice agricultural production practices and the attendant use of chemicals has a variety of forms. Before exploring these alternatives, it is important to __________________________ Maiser, G. & Sedlacek, S. (2004). Spillovers and Innovations: Space, Environment, and the Economy. page 11. understand the rational for government intervention: externalities arising from the interaction between the agricultural sector and the rest of society. Externalities exist in situations where the activities of an economic agent (qtd. in Uri, 2005). As what Uri (2005) stated, consider the application by the farmer of pesticides that runoff into surface drinking water supplies and are ingested by individuals. Drinking water with high concentrations of pesticides has suspected risk and associated cost to human health; this is an example of a negative externality because the action of the farmer adversely affects the welfare of consumers. The absence of externalities is one of the conditions required for competitive markets to achieve an efficient allocation of resources. This is not meant to imply, however, that the presence of an externality requires government intervention. According to Uri (2005), in many situations, the involved parties may negotiate a solution that will address the externality problem and result in an efficient resource allocation. For example, restricting pesticide spaying during certain times to minimize community exposure to drifting pesticides can be the result of voluntary agreement between a farmer and the residents surrounding the farmer’s cropland. There are, however, externalities where the interaction between private parties does not lead to an efficient allocation of resources. Government intervention may be consider in these instances even though there is no guarantee that the intervention will lead to an enhance efficiency; such situations are referred to as externality problem or market failure (Uri, 2005). Uri, N. D. (2005). Agriculture and the Environment. New York: page 60. Government intervention can take a variety of forms including, taxes, subsidies, subsidies, and educational, and technical assistance, as Uri (2005) stated. There are other situations where intervention is justified on the basis of distributional equity considerations. Even if an efficient resource allocation could be obtained through private and public approaches, the solution could be sub-optimal from society’s perspective if it results from equities in terms of income distribution or the burden of regulation (Uri, 2005). Because distributional inequity is so highly subjective, however, little discussion will be devoted to it in what follows. As previously noted externalities play a central role in the economics of the interaction between the agricultural sector and the stock of natural resources. According to Uri (2005), to mitigate the impact of externalities, a number of policy options are available to the government; these policy options in general have the potential to impact the production practices adopted by farmers and the use of agricultural chemicals.

Business Analysis of John Lewis Partnership Outline

Business Analysis of John Lewis Partnership - Outline Example This paper will examine the methods that have been used by the partnership as well as how these have led to initiatives that have moved ahead of competitors in the UK. The several areas of analysis performed in relation to the John Lewis Partnership will provide insight into strategies which businesses can apply to begin to move forward in the retail sector. SWOT Analysis The relevance of the SWOT analysis is to work into new strategies that will help to monitor and change the aspects within the corporation. The main ideal is to work toward a sense of knowledge management which can be applied within the organization while moving forward with different strategies and approaches that are associated with the corporation (Zhiping, Yonghong, 2002). When looking at the strategies of the John Lewis Partnership, it can be seen that the strengths of the corporation should be a continuous feature. This is based on the diversity of products that are offered with the retail store, ranging from w ine shops to business solutions and insurance (Felicitta, 2009). This diversity is followed by finding partners and small business owners that can tap into the retail store as a part owner. This allows the internal environment to have a spirit of entrepreneurship, while creating more opportunities for growth and support within the community. As this is done, it helps to stimulate loyal customers and responses among those that are in the community (Shi, 2007). The weaknesses that are from this main attribute come from the dimensions of positioning. This is a main problem with those who are in the retail industry, specifically because it changes the outcome of which customers will decide to shop in a specific area and will also alter the relationships and partnership that are provided within the company (Messinger, 2007). The positioning of the John Lewis Partnership is one that is limited by the partnerships which are incorporated as well as the sectors which have already been develo ped. This allows other competitors to begin to move into the sector and change the outlooks with other retail management options. Since most of the stores are built on partnerships, this may mean that the partners don’t have the necessary opportunities to continue and to make the desired profit (Tustin, 2006). The opportunities and threats that are associated with this can lead to further strategies to change the level of popularity against competition. The main opportunity comes from the multiple stores offered. Most competitors create a vertical relationship, meaning the association is based only on the one set of stores opened (Liu, Davies, 2007). This particular opportunity led to a 79.3% increase in 2008 and another 3.6% increase in 2009, with 11,365.4 million as the revenue (Aark, 2010). However, the partnerships established allow the John Lewis change into a multiple layer orientation of expansion, allowing them to move beyond competitors because of the diversity offer ed. While this works effectively, the mass amount of partnerships also limits other attributes. There are not as many price cuts and quality differences in most of the retail stores because of the partnerships established. Competitors with independent stores and national chains often move ahead of John Lewis Partnership because of the differences in price and the diversity of products which can be offered (Hall, 2007). TOWS Analysis The